COMMENTS

/* this is comment */

DIRECTIONS

• x is left to right
• y is top to bottom

COLORS

Related properties

• color - Sets color of the text.
• background-color - Sets background color for text, container.
• background - Shorthand for both background-image and background-color.

Values

• Color name

  • 145 color names are available.

• RGB

  • rgb(red, green, blue)
  • Each parameter can take values between 0 and 255.

• RGBA

  • rgba(red, green, blue, alpha)
  • RGB color values + opacity
  • "alpha" parameter can take values between 0.0 (fully transparent) and 1.0 (not transparent at all).

• HEX

  • #rrggbb
  • r, g, and b represent the red, green and blue components respectively with values between 0 and f.

Points

• black = rgb(0,0,0) = #000000
• white = rgb(255,255,255) = #ffffff
• Background color applied to HTML body will be taken by whole HTML document.

Tools

UNITS

CSS units are used to define length/size of elements.

• px

  • 1 pixel is 1 dot on screen.
  • Absolute unit.

• %

  • Depends on size of parent element.
  • Relative unit.

• em

  • Depends on size of parent element.
  • Relative unit.

• rem

  • Depends on size of root element.
  • If value is not set explicitly for root element then font size of browser is considered as a base value.
  • Relative unit.

• vh

  • Depends on screen/viewport height.
  • Relative unit.

• vw

  • Depends on screen/viewport width.
  • Relative unit.

• calc()

  • Used to perform math operations (+ - * /).
  • We can mix and match different values.
  • Put space between operands and operator.

Related properties

• font-size - Sets size of font.
• width - Sets width of an element.
• height - Sets height of an element. auto is default value.
• min-height/min-width - Sets the minimum height/width of an element. It prevents the used value of the height/width property from becoming smaller than the value specified for min-height/min-width.
• max-height/max-width - Sets the maximum height/width of an element. It prevents the used value of the height/width property from becoming larger than the value specified for max-height/max-width.

Points

• Use calc() to solve the issue of navbar and banner section height. For example, suppose navbar has height of 100px then banner height can be written as:

  .navbar {
  min-height: 100px;
  }
  .banner {
  min-height: calc(100vh - 100px);
  }
  /* It is better idea to use min-height instead of height so that content does not overflow */
  

OVERFLOW

• The overflow property specifies whether to clip the content or to add scrollbars when the content of an element is too big to fit in the specified area.
• Works only on block elements having height property.
• The overflow-x and overflow-y properties are used to control overflow in horizontal and vertical direction separately.

Values

• visible (default) - The overflow is not clipped. The content renders outside the element's box.
• hidden - The overflow is clipped, and the rest of the content will be invisible.
• scroll - The overflow is clipped and a scrollbar is added to container element to see the rest of the content.
• auto - Similar to scroll, but it adds scrollbars only when necessary.

TYPOGRAPHY

Related properties

• font-size

• font-family

  • We can use comma-separated values as a fallback fonts. At the end of font-stack, use generic fonts like serif, sans-serif, cursive, fantasy, monospace.
  • If value contains space, use quotes around it.
  • For example, font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, serif;

• font-style

  • Values - italic, oblique, normal(default)

• font-weight

  • Thickness of font.
  • When using google fonts, use values which are imported.
  • Generally, 400 for normal text and 700 for headings.

• text-align

  • Values - left, center, right, justify

• text-indent

  • Indents first line of text to specified length.

• line-height

  • Spacing between two lines.
  • We can use any unit. If used just a number, value will be font size * number.

• letter-spacing

  • Spacing between two letters.

• word-spacing

  • Spacing between two words.

• text-decoration

  • Values - none(default, except for anchor tags), underline etc.

• text-transform

  • Values - none(default), capitalize, uppercase, lowercase

BOX MODEL

All HTML elements are boxes.

Related properties

• box-sizing
  • Specifies the behavior of the width and height properties.
  • Default value is content-box and therefore width and height set for an element are applied to content of the box. It leads to unexpected results as paddings and borders are also added to overall dimensions of box.
  • When value is set to border-box, padding and border gets included in an element's total width and height.

Points

• Top and bottom margins of two elements are collapsed into a single margin that is equal to the largest of the two margins. This does not happen on left and right margins.
• Margins can be negative.

DISPLAY

The display property specifies how an element is displayed.

Values

• block

  • Elements start on new line and span full width.
  • To center an element, give it a width and apply margin-left: auto; and margin-right: auto;

• inline

  • Elements do not start on new line and span only content's width.
  • Following properties don't work on inline elements - width, height, margin-top, margin-bottom
  • To center an element, apply text-align: center; on parent element.

• inline-block

  • Elements behave like inline elements but it is possible to use width, height, margin-top and margin-bottom properties.

• none

  • Removes element from flow.
  • Space is collapsed.

HIDE AN ELEMENT

Following properties can be used to hide an element:

• opacity: 0; - Space occupied by element is preserved.
• visibility: hidden; - Space occupied by element is preserved.
• display: none; - Element is removed from flow and space is collapsed.

BACKGROUND IMAGES

Related properties

• background and background-image

  • Value is url("<relative path to image>").
  • Specifies which image to use.

• background-repeat

  • Default behavior - If background image is smaller than container, it repeats to fill the space. If image is larger than container, it fits partially in container.
  • Values - repeat(default), no-repeat, repeat-x, repeat-y.

• background-size

  • Specifies size of background.
  • Values - contain, cover.
  • Read MDN Docs

• background-position

  • Specifies the initial position of the background image within its background positioning area.
  • Takes value in the <x> <y> format where x is position along X-axis and Y is position along Y-axis.
  • x values - left, right, center, length, %
  • y values - top, bottom, center, length, %
  • Default value is 0 0, that’s why images start from top-left corner of element.

• background-attachment

  • Values - scroll(default), fixed.
  • When we use fixed value, background is applied to viewport, but is visible only inside element to which it is applied.

LINEAR GRADIENTS

• For linear gradients, we use background or background-image property and use linear-gradient() function as a value.
• Syntax - linear-gradient(direction, color-stop1, color-stop2, ...) OR linear-gradient(angle, color-stop1, color-stop2, ...)
• Along with color-stop we can specify % distance from starting position where particular color should start.
• For transparent gradients, use rgba() and transparent color values.
• Example of background image overlay:

  .hero-section {
  background: linear-gradient(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6)),
    url("./demo.jpg");
  }
  

Tools

POSITIONS

Related properties

• position - Specifies the type of positioning for an element.
• top - Sets the top margin edge for a positioned box.
• bottom - Sets the bottom margin edge for a positioned box.
• left - Sets the left margin edge for a positioned box.
• right - Sets the right margin edge for a positioned box.

Values for position

• static (default)

  • Element is positioned according to normal flow.
  • top, bottom, left, right have no effect.

• relative

  • Element is positioned relative to its normal position.
  • Space is not collapsed.
  • When using % unit for top, bottom, left and right, parent's dimensions are considered.
  • top means push from top(goes down), right means push from right(goes left) and so on.

• absolute

  • Element is positioned relative to the closest parent with position: relative;. If no such parent is present, element becomes relative to body.
  • Space is collapsed and other content takes space.
  • top means distance from top of parent, left means distance from left of parent and so on.

• fixed

  • Element is positioned relative to viewport (screen).
  • Element stays at fixed position as we scroll.
  • Space is collapsed and other content takes space.
  • top means distance from top of viewport, left means distance from left of viewport and so on.

• sticky

  • Position toggles between relative and fixed.
  • Once the position is met in the viewport, then it becomes fixed.
  • Space is not collapsed.
  • Use one of the values among top, left, bottom and right.

MEDIA QUERIES

Media queries makes content rendering to adapt to different conditions such as screen resolution (for example, mobile and desktop screen size).

Mobile First Design

• Mobile first design is efficient to write.
• min-width = Starting from (Recommended to use)
• max-width = Up to
• When having multiple media queries for multiple sizes:
  • If using min-width, start from smaller to larger size from top to bottom in CSS.
  • If using max-width, start from larger to smaller size from top to bottom in CSS.

Example

@media screen and (min-width: 800px) {
  body {
    background: red;
  }
}

Z-INDEX

• z-index property takes integer values. 0 is default value.
• Higher the value, element becomes closer to us and lower the value, element goes away from us.
• Does not work on elements with position: static;.

PSEUDO-ELEMENTS

• Syntax

  <selector>::<pseudo-element> {
  <property>: <value>;
  }
  

• ::before and ::after

  • The ::before and ::after pseudo-elements can be used to insert some content before and after the content of an element respectively.
  • content property is required.
  • They do not work with <img> element because image itself is a content. We need container elements to work with there selectors.
  • Example:

    p::before {
    content: "hello";
    display: block;
    color: white;
    background: red;
    }
    

SELECTORS & COMBINATORS

CSS selectors define the elements to which a set of CSS rules apply.

Resources

TRANSFORM

The transform property lets you rotate, scale, skew or translate an element.

Resources

Points

• When using % in translate(), it refers to width or height of element itself.

TRANSITIONS

The transition property allows you to change property values smoothly, over a given duration.

Resources

ANIMATIONS

The animation property allows you to animate elements. Transitions have only two states, start and end whereas animations have multiple states.

Resources

Example

/* Apply animation to the element */
div {
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
  background: pink;
  animation: example 4s linear 2s;
}

/* Define the animation */
@keyframes example {
  0% {
    background: red;
  }
  33% {
    background: yellow;
  }
  66% {
    background: skyblue;
  }
  100% {
    background: green;
  }
}

CSS VARIABLES

• CSS variables allow you to store values in one place as custom properties and reuse it later.
• The variable name must begin with two dashes (--) and it is case sensitive.
• CSS variables can be used with any property.

• Declaring a variable:

  --<variable-name>: <value>;
  

• Accessing a variable:

  <property>: var(--<variable-name>);
  

• To create a variable with global scope, declare it inside the :root selector.

• To create a variable with local scope, declare it inside the selector whose children and descendants are going to use it.
• VS Code suggests variables as we type -- in place of values.

ROOT SELECTOR

• The :root CSS pseudo-class matches the root element of a tree representing the document. In HTML, :root represents the <html> element and is identical to the selector html, except that its specificity is higher.
• It is used to apply general styles, declare CSS variables and set up root font size (setting base value for rem unit).

  :root {
  --main-clr: red;
  font-size: 16px;
  }
  

FONT-AWESOME ICONS

• Either you can use CDN or download fonts and link all.css to HTML document.
• You can access icons with <i> element with some special classes.
• You can change size and color of icons using CSS.

SHADOWS

• box-shadow property adds shadow effect to the element.
• text-shadow property adds shadow effect to the text.
• Syntax:

  <shadow-property>: <x-shadow> <y-shadow> <blur> <color>;
  

• To add more than one shadows, write comma-separated list of shadow values.

Tools

OBJECT FIT

Related properties

• object-fit

  • Sets how an <img> or <video> elements should be resized to fit its container.
  • Values - fill (default), contain, cover, none, scale-down
  • If we use object-fit: cover; then the image keeps its aspect ratio and fills the given dimension. The image will be clipped to fit.

• object-position

  • The object-position property is used together with object-fit property to move the image around the content box.

  • Syntax:

    object-position: <x> <y>;
    /* x => left/right/center/length/percentage */
    /* y => top/bottom/center/length/percentage */
    

  • Default value is 50% 50% . This is the reason when we apply object-fit: cover; or object-fit: contain;, the image is positioned in center by default.

Example

img {
  width: 200px;
  height: 300px;
  object-fit: cover;
  object-position: 30% 100%;
}

BROWSER/VENDOR PREFIXES

Browser/vendor prefixes are a way for your browser to support new CSS features before they become fully supported in all browsers. Vendor prefixes help developers use those new features, and have them supported instantly without having to wait for each of them to become available for every browser.

Tools

• For browser compatibility: caniuse.com

• For prefixes: shouldiprefix.com

FLEXBOX

Resources

OTHER USEFUL PROPERTIES

• visibility

  • Shows or hides an element without changing the layout of a document.
  • Values - visible (default), hidden

• opacity

  • Controls transparency of an element.
  • Takes values between 0.0 (completely transparent) and 1.0 (completely visible).
  • Default value is 1.

• list-style-type

  • Set none to remove bullet points of list items (<li>).

TIPS

• If you see some unnecessary white space below an image, set it display: block; to get rid of it.
• <div> is used to group the block elements.
• <span> is used to group inline elements.
• Inheritance: Children inherit styles from parents, unless have their own styles.
• Inheritance - Children inherit styles from parents, unless have their own styles.